© 1987 by Oxford University Press and the Maryland Psychiatric Research Center (MPRC)
The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) for Schizophrenia
Assistant Clinical Professor, Department of Psychiatry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, and Co-Director, Research Unit, Bronx Psychiatric Center Bronx, NY.
Albert Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center and Bronx Psychiatric Center Bronx, NY.
Associate Clinical Professor, Department of Psychiatry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, and Clinical Director, Bronx Psychiatric Center Bronx, NY.
Reprint requests should be sent to Dr. Stanley R. Kay, Research and Assessment Unit, Bronx Psychiatric Center, 1500 Waters Pl., Bronx, NY 10461.
The variable results of positive-negative research with schizophrenics underscore the importance of well-characterized, standardized measurement techniques. We report on the development and initial standardization of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) for typological and dimensional assessment. Based on two established psychiatric rating systems, the 30-item PANSS was conceived as an operationalized, drug-sensitive instrument that provides balanced representation of positive and negative symptoms and gauges their relationship to one another and to global psychopathology. It thus constitutes four scales measuring positive and negative syndromes, their differential, and general severity of illness. Study of 101 schizophrenics found the four scales to be normally distributed and supported their reliability and stability. Positive and negative scores were inversely correlated once their common association with general psychopathology was extracted, suggesting that they represent mutually exclusive constructs. Review of five studies involving the PANSS provided evidence of its criterion-related validity with antecedent, genealogical, and concurrent measures, its predictive validity, its drug sensitivity, and its utility for both typological and dimensional assessment.
Dr. Opler has recently accepted a position as Director of Schizophrenia Research, Department of Psychiatry, Presbyterian Hospital, and Associate Professor of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY.
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M. Haas, M. Eerdekens, S. Kushner, J. Singer, I. Augustyns, J. Quiroz, G. Pandina, and V. Kusumakar Efficacy, safety and tolerability of two risperidone dosing regimens in adolescent schizophrenia: double-blind study The British Journal of Psychiatry, February 1, 2009; 194(2): 158 - 164. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. W. Weickert, T. E. Goldberg, J. H. Callicott, Q. Chen, J. A. Apud, S. Das, B. J. Zoltick, M. F. Egan, M. Meeter, C. Myers, et al. Neural Correlates of Probabilistic Category Learning in Patients with Schizophrenia J. Neurosci., January 28, 2009; 29(4): 1244 - 1254. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. A. Engh, S. Friis, A. B. Birkenaes, H. Jonsdottir, O. Klungsoyr, P. A. Ringen, C. Simonsen, A. Vaskinn, S. Opjordsmoen, and O. A. Andreassen Delusions Are Associated With Poor Cognitive Insight in Schizophrenia Schizophr Bull, January 27, 2009; (2009) sbn193v1. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. Kalra, A. Nischal, Jitendra Kumar Trivedi, Pronob Kumar Dalal, and Pramod Kumar Sinha Extent and Determinants of Burden of Care in Indian Families: a Comparison Between Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and Schizophrenia International Journal of Social Psychiatry, January 1, 2009; 55(1): 28 - 38. [Abstract] [PDF]
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O. D. Howes, A. J. Montgomery, M.-C. Asselin, R. M. Murray, I. Valli, P. Tabraham, E. Bramon-Bosch, L. Valmaggia, L. Johns, M. Broome, et al. Elevated Striatal Dopamine Function Linked to Prodromal Signs of Schizophrenia Arch Gen Psychiatry, January 1, 2009; 66(1): 13 - 20. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. Fusar-Poli, J. A. Crippa, S. Bhattacharyya, S. J. Borgwardt, P. Allen, R. Martin-Santos, M. Seal, S. A. Surguladze, C. O'Carrol, Z. Atakan, et al. Distinct Effects of {Delta}9-Tetrahydrocannabinol and Cannabidiol on Neural Activation During Emotional Processing Arch Gen Psychiatry, January 1, 2009; 66(1): 95 - 105. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. M. Silverstein, W. D. Spaulding, A. A. Menditto, A. Savitz, R. P. Liberman, S. Berten, and H. Starobin Attention Shaping: a Reward-Based Learning Method to Enhance Skills Training Outcomes in Schizophrenia Schizophr Bull, January 1, 2009; 35(1): 222 - 232. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Reig, C. Moreno, D. Moreno, M. Burdalo, J. Janssen, M. Parellada, A. Zabala, M. Desco, and C. Arango Progression of Brain Volume Changes in Adolescent-Onset Psychosis Schizophr Bull, January 1, 2009; 35(1): 233 - 243. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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N. Crumlish, P. Whitty, M. Clarke, S. Browne, M. Kamali, M. Gervin, O. McTigue, A. Kinsella, J. L Waddington, C. Larkin, et al. Beyond the critical period: longitudinal study of 8-year outcome in first-episode non-affective psychosis The British Journal of Psychiatry, January 1, 2009; 194(1): 18 - 24. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. R. Broome, P. Matthiasson, P. Fusar-Poli, J. B. Woolley, L. C. Johns, P. Tabraham, E. Bramon, L. Valmaggia, S. C. R. Williams, M. J. Brammer, et al. Neural correlates of executive function and working memory in the 'at-risk mental state' The British Journal of Psychiatry, January 1, 2009; 194(1): 25 - 33. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. H. Young, D. A. Oren, A. Lowy, R. D. McQuade, R. N. Marcus, W. H. Carson, N. H. Spiller, A. F. Torbeyns, and R. Sanchez Aripiprazole monotherapy in acute mania: 12-week randomised placebo- and haloperidol-controlled study The British Journal of Psychiatry, January 1, 2009; 194(1): 40 - 48. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. T. Yanos, D. Roe, K. Markus, and P. H. Lysaker Pathways Between Internalized Stigma and Outcomes Related to Recovery in Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders Psychiatr Serv, December 1, 2008; 59(12): 1437 - 1442. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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I. E. C. Sommer, K. M. J. Diederen, J.-D. Blom, A. Willems, L. Kushan, K. Slotema, M. P. M. Boks, K. Daalman, H. W. Hoek, S. F. W. Neggers, et al. Auditory verbal hallucinations predominantly activate the right inferior frontal area Brain, December 1, 2008; 131(12): 3169 - 3177. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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V. Kumari, D. Fannon, D. H. ffytche, V. Raveendran, E. Antonova, P. Premkumar, M. A. Cooke, A. P.P. Anilkumar, S. C.R. Williams, C. Andrew, et al. Functional MRI of Verbal Self-monitoring in Schizophrenia: Performance and Illness-Specific Effects Schizophr Bull, November 7, 2008; (2008) sbn148v1. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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B. Margetic, B. Aukst-Margetic, D. Ivanec, and I. Filipcic Perception of Stigmatization in Forensic Patients With Schizophrenia International Journal of Social Psychiatry, November 1, 2008; 54(6): 502 - 513. [Abstract] [PDF]
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A. Catafau, M. Penengo, G. Nucci, S. Bullich, I. Corripio, E. Parellada, C. Garcia-Ribera, R. Gomeni, E. Merlo-Pich, and Barcelona Clinical Imaging in Psychiatry Group Pharmacokinetics and time-course of D2 receptor occupancy induced by atypical antipsychotics in stabilized schizophrenic patients J Psychopharmacol, November 1, 2008; 22(8): 882 - 894. [Abstract] [PDF]
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L. Wang, C. Fang, A. Zhang, J. Du, L. Yu, J. Ma, G. Feng, Q. Xing, and L. He The --1019 C/G polymorphism of the 5-HT1A receptor gene is associated with negative symptom response to risperidone treatment in schizophrenia patients J Psychopharmacol, November 1, 2008; 22(8): 904 - 909. [Abstract] [PDF]
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M. Fisher, K. McCoy, J. H. Poole, and S. Vinogradov Self and Other in Schizophrenia: A Cognitive Neuroscience Perspective Am J Psychiatry, November 1, 2008; 165(11): 1465 - 1472. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. L. Findling, A. Robb, M. Nyilas, R. A. Forbes, N. Jin, S. Ivanova, R. Marcus, R. D. McQuade, T. Iwamoto, and W. H. Carson A Multiple-Center, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study of Oral Aripiprazole for Treatment of Adolescents With Schizophrenia Am J Psychiatry, November 1, 2008; 165(11): 1432 - 1441. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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L. Sikich, J. A. Frazier, J. McClellan, R. L. Findling, B. Vitiello, L. Ritz, D. Ambler, M. Puglia, A. E. Maloney, E. Michael, et al. Double-Blind Comparison of First- and Second-Generation Antipsychotics in Early-Onset Schizophrenia and Schizo-affective Disorder: Findings From the Treatment of Early-Onset Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders (TEOSS) Study Am J Psychiatry, November 1, 2008; 165(11): 1420 - 1431. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. G. H. Brans, N. E. M. van Haren, G. C. M. van Baal, H. G. Schnack, R. S. Kahn, and H. E. H. Pol Heritability of Changes in Brain Volume Over Time in Twin Pairs Discordant for Schizophrenia Arch Gen Psychiatry, November 1, 2008; 65(11): 1259 - 1268. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. Ascher-Svanum, A. W. Nyhuis, D. E. Faries, B. J. Kinon, R. W. Baker, and A. Shekhar Clinical, Functional, and Economic Ramifications of Early Nonresponse to Antipsychotics in the Naturalistic Treatment of Schizophrenia Schizophr Bull, November 1, 2008; 34(6): 1163 - 1171. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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N. Bergemann, P. Parzer, S. Jaggy, B. Auler, C. Mundt, and S. Maier-Braunleder Estrogen and Comprehension of Metaphoric Speech in Women Suffering From Schizophrenia: Results of a Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial Schizophr Bull, November 1, 2008; 34(6): 1172 - 1181. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. G. H. Brans, N. E. M. van Haren, G. C. M. van Baal, W. G. Staal, H. G. Schnack, R. S. Kahn, and H. E. H. Pol Longitudinal MRI study in schizophrenia patients and their healthy siblings The British Journal of Psychiatry, November 1, 2008; 193(5): 422 - 423. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. J. Johnston, P. G. Enticott, A. K. Mayes, K. E. Hoy, S. E. Herring, and P. B. Fitzgerald Symptom Correlates of Static and Dynamic Facial Affect Processing in Schizophrenia: Evidence of a Double Dissociation? Schizophr Bull, October 26, 2008; (2008) sbn136v1. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. Takahashi, M. Kato, T. Sassa, T. Shibuya, M. Koeda, N. Yahata, M. Matsuura, K. Asai, T. Suhara, and Y. Okubo Functional Deficits in the Extrastriate Body Area During Observation of Sports-Related Actions in Schizophrenia Schizophr Bull, October 16, 2008; (2008) sbn132v1. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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