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Schizophrenia Bulletin Advance Access originally published online on December 14, 2006
Schizophrenia Bulletin 2007 33(5):1221-1224; doi:10.1093/schbul/sbl068
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© The Author 2006. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Maryland Psychiatric Research Center. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org.

Clozapine Underutilization and Discontinuation in African Americans Due to Leucopenia

Deanna L. Kelly1, Julie Kreyenbuhl, Lisa Dixon, Raymond C. Love, Deborah Medoff and Robert R. Conley
The Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Box 21247, Baltimore, MD 21228 and the Center for Mental Health Services Research

1 To whom correspondence should be addressed; tel: 717-764-9260, fax: 410-402-6038, e-mail: dkelly{at}mprc.umaryland.edu.

Clozapine use has been notably lower in African American patients than in Caucasians. It has been suggested that lower normal ranges for white blood cell (WBC) counts in African Americans, known as benign ethnic neutropenia, may account partially for the disparity. We examined the rates of leucopenia and agranulocytosis as reasons for discontinuation of clozapine in a sample of 1875 patients with schizophrenia treated in the State of Maryland. Between 1989 and 1999, 5.3% (31/588) of African Americans and 2.4% (31/1287) of Caucasians discontinued clozapine treatment due to leucopenia (chi square = 10.35, df = 1, P = 0.001). No African American patients developed agranulocytosis while 8 Caucasian patients (0.62%) developed this blood dyscrasia. Discontinuations due to leucopenia occurred throughout treatment. Discontinuations due to agranulocytosis occurred primarily in the first 18 weeks (7/8; 87.5% patients with agranulocytosis). It is likely that African Americans had clozapine discontinued unnecessarily due to benign ethnic neutropenia. We concur with recent recommendations to acknowledge differences in WBC values in African Americans and to modify prescribing guidelines or formally acknowledge benign ethnic leucopenia like in other countries in order to facilitate greater use of clozapine in these patients.

Keywords: clozapine / white blood cells / eucopenia / agranulocytosis / benign ethnic neutropenia / race


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