Schizophrenia Bulletin Advance Access originally published online on August 22, 2008
Schizophrenia Bulletin 2008 34(6):1111-1121; doi:10.1093/schbul/sbn108
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Gene-Environment Interplay Between Cannabis and Psychosis
2 Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, EURON, Maastricht University Medical Centre, South Limburg Mental Health Research and Teaching Network, Maastricht, The Netherlands
3 Mondriaan Zorggroep, Division Addiction Care, South Limburg, The Netherlands
4 NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College, London, United Kingdom
1 To whom correspondence should be addressed; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, EURON, Maastricht University Medical Centre, South Limburg Mental Health Research and Teaching Network, PO BOX 616 (Vijverdal), 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; tel: +31-43-3688664, fax: +31-43-3688689, e-mail: cecile.henquet{at}sp.unimaas.nl.
Cannabis use is considered a contributory cause of schizophrenia and psychotic illness. However, only a small proportion of cannabis users develop psychosis. This can partly be explained by the amount and duration of the consumption of cannabis and by its strength but also by the age at which individuals are first exposed to cannabis. Genetic factors, in particular, are likely to play a role in the short- and the long-term effects cannabis may have on psychosis outcome. This review will therefore consider the interplay between genes and exposure to cannabis in the development of psychotic symptoms and schizophrenia. Studies using genetic, epidemiological, experimental, and observational techniques will be discussed to investigate gene-environment correlation gene-environment interaction, and higher order interactions within the cannabis-psychosis association. Evidence suggests that mechanisms of gene-environment interaction are likely to underlie the association between cannabis and psychosis. In this respect, multiple variations within multiple genes—rather than single genetic polymorphisms—together with other environmental factors (eg, stress) may interact with cannabis to increase the risk of psychosis. Further research on these higher order interactions is needed to better understand the biological pathway by which cannabis use, in some individuals, may cause psychosis in the short- and long term.
Keywords: psychotic disorders / genetics / environment / cannabis / tetrahydrocannabinol / schizophrenia
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