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Schizophrenia Bulletin Advance Access originally published online on August 6, 2009
Schizophrenia Bulletin 2009 35(5):865-873; doi:10.1093/schbul/sbp080
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© The Author 2009. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Maryland Psychiatric Research Center. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org.

The Evolution of Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Schizophrenia: Current Practice and Recent Developments

Sara Tai1,2 and Douglas Turkington3
2 School of Psychological Sciences, University of Manchester, Coupland Building, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
3 School of Neurology, Neurobiology and Psychiatry, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK

1 To whom correspondence should be addressed; tel: +44 (0) 161 2752595, fax: +44 (0) 161 2752588, e-mail: sara.tai{at}manchester.ac.uk.

Cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) evolved from behavioral theory and developed to focus more on cognitive models that incorporated reappraisal of thinking errors and schema change strategies. This article will describe the key elements of CBT for schizophrenia and the current evidence of its efficacy and effectiveness. We conclude with a description of recent concepts that extend the theoretical basis of practice and expand the range of CBT strategies for use in schizophrenia. Mindfulness, meta-cognitive approaches, compassionate mind training, and method of levels are postulated as useful adjuncts for CBT with psychotic patients.

Keywords: cognitive behavior therapy / psychosis / schizophrenia / mindfulness / method of levels / meta-cognitive


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