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Schizophrenia Bulletin Advance Access published online on May 8, 2009
Schizophrenia Bulletin, doi:10.1093/schbul/sbp035
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© The Author 2009. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Maryland Psychiatric Research Center. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org.

Oculomotor and Pupillometric Indices of Pro- and Antisaccade Performance in Youth-Onset Psychosis and Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Canan Karatekin1,2, Christopher Bingham3 and Tonya White4
2 Institute of Child Development
3 School of Statistics
4 Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN

1 To whom correspondence should be addressed; Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, 51 East River Road, Minneapolis, MN 55455; tel: 612-626-9891, fax: 612-624-6373, e-mail: karat004{at}umn.edu.

The goals of the study were to examine inhibitory deficits on the antisaccade task in 8- to 20-year olds with youth-onset psychosis or attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and healthy controls and to examine if age-related changes in performance differed across groups. In addition to the conventional measures of performance, pupillary dilations were used to obtain estimates of phasic and tonic level of arousal. Results showed that the psychosis, but not the ADHD, group had elevated antisaccade error rates; however, variability of error rates was high in all groups. These inhibitory failures were accompanied by a lower level of momentary cognitive effort (as indexed by pupillary dilations). The largest differences between the control and clinical groups were found not in the expected indices of inhibition but in the probability of correcting inhibitory errors and in variability of antisaccade response times, which were correlated with each other. These findings did not appear to be attributable to a deficit in maintaining task instructions in mind in either disorder or lack of motivation in ADHD. Instead, results point to impairments in both clinical groups in sustaining attention on a trial-by-trial basis, resulting in deficits in self-monitoring. Thus, results show inhibitory deficits in the context of more general attentional impairments in both disorders.

Keywords: schizophrenia / antisaccades / inhibition / pupillometry / eye movements


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