Schizophrenia Bulletin Advance Access originally published online on January 27, 2009
Schizophrenia Bulletin 2009 35(2):282-283; doi:10.1093/schbul/sbn189
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Editorial: Clustering of Schizophrenia With Other Comorbidities—What Can We Learn?
Despite great efforts to the contrary, the molecular basis underlying schizophrenia and many other psychiatric disorders remains elusive. Examination of the nonpsychiatric manifestations that sometimes accompany schizophrenia provides opportunities to more fully explore the scope of biochemical and metabolic abnormalities characterizing the disease spectrum. This issue of the Journal features a series of articles that focus on the systemic manifestations of schizophrenia.
A more complete understanding of disease spectrum can provide important insights into disease etiology. For example, pathologic analyses of atherosclerotic vascular tissue revealed the presence of immune infiltrates, thereby helping to revamp our view of coronary artery disease as an inflammatory disease.1 In the psychiatric field, nonpsychiatric dimensions to schizophrenia have been well described, including a long-recognized association between diabetes and schizophrenia.2 While intriguing, the mechanisms that underlie this association are unclear. While there is little evidence that glucose intolerance itself may increase schizophrenia risk, one possibility is that the co-occurrence of diabetes and schizophrenia could be due to shared environmental/lifestyle factors that predispose subjects to both disorders. This possibility is supported by observations that newly diagnosed and/or drug-naive schizophrenia patients have higher than expected rates of glucose intolerance and/or diabetes.3,4 Alternatively, schizophrenia could increase risk of diabetes through reduced physical activity and concomitant obesity or via insulin desensitizing or weight gain promoting effects of antipsychotic medications.
There is also a possibility that a shared genetic susceptibility characterizes both diabetes and schizophrenia, as has been suggested by a small number of family studies, with limited sample sizes, showing that first-degree relatives of schizophrenia patients have higher than expected prevalence of type 2 diabetes (eg, Fernandez-Egea et al,5 Ryan and Collins,6 and Spelman et al7). If there are genes that jointly influence schizophrenia and diabetes susceptibility, what are they and what might they do? Some recent data suggest a common pathway might involve regulation of mitochondrial oxidative energy metabolism.8 However, identifying the specific genes involved is likely to be difficult. Of the 20 or so bona fide diabetes susceptibility genes identified to date,9 none have been implicated in psychiatric disease etiology. Genetic linkage studies, however, have identified some chromosomal regions in common to both disorders, including chromosome 1q21–25.10,11 This region contains a large number of genes, some with potential joint effects on both metabolic and psychiatric outcomes, such as NOS1AP (carboxy-terminal PDZ ligand of neuronal nitric oxide synthase, also known as CAPON), for which polymorphisms have been associated with schizophrenia12 and cardiac repolarization,13,14 although not yet firmly with type 2 diabetes. Whether polymorphisms in NOS1AP or in any other gene will ultimately show joint and robust association to both diabetes and schizophrenia remains to be seen, but when found, such observations could provide valuable clues to unraveling the overlap between these disorders.
Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Diabetes and Nutrition, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
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1 To whom correspondence should be addressed; tel: (410) 706-0161, fax: (410) 706-1622, e-mail: bmitchel{at}medicine.umaryland.edu.
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- Ross R. Atherosclerosis–an inflammatory disease. N Engl J Med (1999) 340::115–126.
[Free Full Text] - Maudsley H. The Pathology of Mind (1879) London, UK: Macmillan.
- Holt RI, Peveler RC, Byrne CD. Schizophrenia, the metabolic syndrome and diabetes. Diabet Med (2004) 21::515–523.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
- Holt RI, Bushe C, Citrome L. Diabetes and schizophrenia 2005: are we any closer to understanding the link? J Psychopharmacol (2005) 19::56–65.
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Fernandez-Egea E, Bernardo M, Parellada E, et al. Glucose abnormalities in the siblings of people with schizophrenia. Schizophr Res (2008) 103::110–113.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
- Ryan MC, Collins P, Thakore JH. Impaired fasting glucose tolerance in first-episode, drug-naive patients with schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry (2003) 160::284–289.
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Spelman LM, Walsh PI, Sharifi N, Collins P, Thakore JH. Impaired glucose tolerance in first-episode drug-naive patients with schizophrenia. Diabet Med (2007) 24::481–485.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
- Altar CA, Hunt RA, Jurata LW, et al. Insulin, IGF-1, and muscarinic agonists modulate schizophrenia-associated genes in human neuroblastoma cells. Biol Psychiatry (2008) 64::1077–1087.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
- Prokopenko I, McCarthy MI, Lindgren CM. : Type 2 diabetes: new genes, new understanding. Trends Genet (2008) 24::613–621.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
- Das SK, Elbein SC. The search for type 2 diabetes susceptibility loci: the chromosome 1q story. Curr Diab Rep (2007) 7::154–164.[CrossRef][Medline]
- Gough SC, O'donovan MC. Clustering of metabolic comorbidity in schizophrenia: a genetic contribution? J Psychopharmacol (2005) 19::47–55.
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Brzustowicz LM. NOS1AP in schizophrenia. Curr Psychiatry Rep (2008) 10::158–163.[CrossRef][Medline]
- Arking DE, Pfeufer A, Post W, et al. A common genetic variant in the NOS1 regulator NOS1AP modulates cardiac repolarization. Nat Genet (2006) 38::644–651.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
- Post W, Shen H, Damcott C, et al. Associations between genetic variants in the NOS1AP (CAPON) gene and cardiac repolarization in the Old Order Amish. Hum Hered (2007) 64::214–219.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
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