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Schizophrenia Bulletin Advance Access published online on October 27, 2005
Schizophrenia Bulletin, doi:10.1093/schbul/sbj021
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© The Author 2005. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Maryland Psychiatric Research Center. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org.

Article

Data Gathering: Biased in Psychosis?

Frank Van Dael 1, Dagmar Versmissen 2, Ilse Janssen 2, Inez Myin-Germeys 2, Jim van Os 3, and Lydia Krabbendam 1*
1 Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, The Netherlands
2 Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; Mondriaan Zorggroep, Section Social Cognition, Heerlen, The Netherlands
3 Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; Division of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK

* To whom correspondence should be addressed.
Lydia Krabbendam, E-mail: l.krabbendam{at}sp.unimaas.nl


  Abstract

This study examined whether the probabilistic reasoning bias referred to as a "jumping-to-conclusions" (JTC) style of reasoning, which, according to previous research, is associated with particular psychotic symptoms such as delusions, represents a trait that can also be detected in nonpsychotic relatives of patients with schizophrenia and in nonpsychotic individuals with a high level of psychotic experiences. Participants were, in order of level of psychosis liability, 40 patients with schizophrenia or a schizoaffective disorder, 40 first-degree nonpsychotic relatives, 41 participants from the general population with above average expression of psychotic experiences, and 53 participants from the general population with an average level of psychotic experiences. A "jumping-to-conclusions" bias was assessed using the beads task. A dose-response relationship was found in the association between level of psychosis liability and JTC (defined as needing only a single bead to complete the beads task) (odds ratio [OR] linear trend = 1.59, 95% CI: 1.13-2.24), and, independently, alinear association was apparent between JTC and level of delusional ideation (OR linear trend = 2.59, 95% CI: 1.18-5.69). In addition, the association between psychosis liability and JTC was generally much stronger as the level of delusional ideation was higher. JTC is associated with liability to psychosis (trait), in particular if the psychosis phenotype is characterized by delusional ideation (state).

Keywords: cognition disorder; schizophrenia; delusion; family; neuropsychology.
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