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Schizophrenia Bulletin Advance Access published online on June 16, 2008
Schizophrenia Bulletin, doi:10.1093/schbul/sbn060
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© The Author 2008. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Maryland Psychiatric Research Center. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org.

A Neural Coding Scheme Formed by the Combined Function of Gamma and Theta Oscillations

John Lisman1,2 and György Buzsáki3
2 Department of Biology and Volen Center for Complex Systems, Brandeis University, 415 South Street—MS 008, Waltham, MA 02454-9110
3 Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Newark Campus, 197 University Avenue, Newark, NJ 07102

1 To whom correspondence should be addressed; tel: 781-736-3145, fax: 781-736-3107, e-mail: Lisman{at}brandeis.edu.

Brain oscillations are important in controlling the timing of neuronal firing. This process has been extensively analyzed in connection with gamma frequency oscillations and more recently with respect to theta frequency oscillations. Here we review evidence that theta and gamma oscillations work together to form a neural code. This coding scheme provides a way for multiple neural ensembles to represent an ordered sequence of items. In the hippocampus, this coding scheme is utilized during the phase precession, a phenomenon that can be interpreted as the recall of sequences of items (places) from long-term memory. The same coding scheme may be used in certain cortical regions to encode multi-item short-term memory. The possibility that abnormalities in theta/gamma could underlie symptoms of schizophrenia is discussed.

Keywords: phase precession / synchronization / hippocampus / memory


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